The Collage of the Kremlin’s Communication Strategy

This research builds upon two reports published by NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence. A multi-dimensional analysis, published in 2023, sought to explore the connection between hostile information activities and physical actions during Russia’s war against Ukraine. The study analysed both written content (six domains of official Kremlin communications) and audio-visual media (TV coverage) from the pre-war period (October 2021–February 2022) and the initial stage of the war (February 2022–March 2022). The findings indicated no clear signs of hostile information activities that could have served as warnings for the invasion.